THE IMPORTANT FEATURES OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

The upper house of Congress Senate

Introduction:

Senate is the second house of the American Congress. A careful study of the American Constitution will make it clear that the Senate is the most important body and occupies a special position among the legislatures of the world and occupies as special composition and powers.

Formation of Senate: (composition)

In America there is a federal system of government and hence the formation of state has taken place on the basis of equality of the states according to federal principle. All the Senates have been given equal representation in the Senate. Each state sends two elected representatives in the senate. The number of states in U.S.A is 50 and the total number of the Senate member is 100.

Election and Term of the Members:

Before 1950, the election of the member of the Senate was made through indirect method but now they are elected through direct method. If a member of senate dies, then the legislature of the state appoints some member in his place. The terms of the members of Senate has been fixed for 6 years but after every two years 1/3rd of its members retire and new members are elected in their places.

Powers and Functions of the Senate:
The Senate of the U.S.A is the most powerful second house of the world. According to Gladstone, '' The Senate is the most remarkable invention of the modern politics. '' These are the functions of Senate.

1. Legislative function: In the field of making laws, the Senate right is equal to that of the House of Representatives and also it is equal in respect of ordinary bills but Senate has more power in respect of financial matters. An ordinary bill is presented in the Senate in the same way as it is presented in the House of Representatives, but it is the Senate only which has the right to amend the financial bills and Senate uses this right freely. Senate can amend the whole money bill except the title, phrase or sentence. In the field of legislation, no second house of any other county of the world has so much as the Senate of America has. If any difference arises regarding the bill in the both house, then it send in the joint session of both the house but if no decision is taken then the bill is deemed to have died.

2. Executive functions: In America, it is the president who makes the important appointments. These appointments can be classified under two categories. First category consists of the higher posts of the Union such as Judges of the Supreme Court, Posts Master General and the members of the Cabinet. The second categories includes those appointments which are made by the federal government for the carrying on the administration of the states properly and efficiently such as the appointments of the judges of the courts of the states which are subordinate to the supreme court. For the both types the president needs the consent to the Senate. For the appointment of the first category, president makes the list and sends it to the senate then the Senate consider over these appointments through the sub committee. The cub committee gives their opinion upon the appointments and then the senate accepts or rejects them though voting. If the senate doesn’t give its consent then the president couldn’t appoint them. Also with out the consent of the senate the president can't take important steps regard to the national policy. An appointment of the federal judiciary, for instance, is referred to the judiciary committee, ambassador to the foreign affairs committee. The committee hears the objections, if any thereafter makes its report to the Senate. The Senate then votes.


3. Foreign policy: The president of America is empowered by the constitution to appoint his ambassadors to the other countries but it is necessary that he should seek the consent of the senate for these appointments. Similarly, it is the president who can enter into a treaty other but that treaty will not be considered valid unless and until it is ratified by the senate. For example: The treaty of Versailles was rejected by the Senate because President Wilson didn’t keep in touch with the Foreign Affairs Committee. That is why President Roosevelt appointed two members of the Senate. Foreign Affairs Committee as delegates to the San Francisco conference which drafted the U.N. charter. In this connection, it may be noted that through this power the senate serves as a great check upon the powers of the president.

4. Judicial functions: The Senate has '' the sole power to try all impeachments.'' Although the impeachments are initiated in the House of Representatives but the final decision in this connection is taken by the Senate. According to this power it is not less then the powers of the House of Representatives. First the house of the Representative considers an impeachment then if it is passes the resolutions of impeachment by 2/3rds of its majority, then it send to the senate. If the senate also consents by 2/3rds of majority that person should leave the office. There is no pardon from a penalty by impeachment.
Impeachment in America can be made against the president, vice –president and all civil officers of the United States for treason, bribery or other light crimes and misdemeanors. The term civil officers include such public servants as diplomat's members of the Cabinet and judges of the federal courts. The Congressmen are not included in the term civil officers.

5. Constitution power: The senate has also the power to amend the constitution. It may, however, be noted that the senate can't amend the constitution by acting alone, but the constitution of America provides that a resolution for amending the Constitution can be initiated in the Senate also.

6. Functions in regard to elections: It possesses some powers in regard to elections also. As regards the election of the Vice –President, if none of the candidates are able to secure 50% of the total votes, the Senate has the power to declare the candidate securing highest number of votes as elected.

Lower House of the Congress: House of Representatives
Composition of the House of Representatives:

In America, there is bicameral legislature. The house of Representative is the lower house of America legislature. As it is known from the name, this is the House of people and forms this point of view, in principle; it is similar to the House of Commons of England. But in practice, it is much weaker than the House of Commons in England, the House of Commons being the representative house is the most powerful, but in America the Senate is more powerful than the House of Representatives. Despite this fact, its importance and utility in the administrative system of American cant be denied.
American Constitution clearly provides that each member of the House of Representatives will represent at least 30,000 people and each state will send at least one representative. The actual counting shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and every term of ten years in such manner as they shall by law direct. Thus, on the basis of population, the number of its member increases or decreases, as the case may be. At the time when the area of the Unite States of America was less, the number of its member was 65 but with the increasing of the area the number of its members also increased. The original Constitution didn’t specify the size of the House. It has a short term of two years and it is often happened that the term increased to four years.

Powers and Functions of the House of Representatives:
The powers of the American House of Representatives are not as wide as those of the Senate. These are the powers and the functions:
1. Legislative functions: Any bill can be presented in the House of Representatives but it will be deemed to have been passed by Congress only when the Senate also gives its consent on it. From this point of view, the house of Representative has less power than the House of Commons of England. In England the real position in practice is this House of Commons gets all the bill passed according to its wish but so is not the case with the House of Representatives of America. The House of Representatives can't get any bill passed against the will of the Senate.
The money bill can be presented only in the House of Representatives but in this connection also the Senate has the power to amend or reject it.

2. Judicial powers: The House of Representatives have the power to initiate the impeachment against the President, Vice President and other higher officials. The proceedings of impeachment can't be started in the Senate but in this connection also it is the Senate which gives the final decision or in other words, the will of the Senate ultimately prevails.

3. Powers regarding elections: The House of Representative has an important power in connection with the election of the American President. If none of the candidates for the President ship is able to secure complete majority, than the House of Representatives has the power to declare elected the candidate securing highest number of votes as president.


4. Executive powers and functions: The executive powers of the House of Representatives are negligible as compared to those of the Senate. The Senate have the power to ratify the treaties, appointments made by the president and also have the power to make the investigations of different departments, but the House of Representatives doesn’t have any such powers. The House of Representatives has the powers relating to the declaration of war. Before the declaration of war, the President is required to seek the consent of the House of Representatives also
.
5. Other powers: The house of Representatives has some other powers also. It can make the rules in regard to the election of the members of the House of Representatives, their expenditure and qualifications etc.

Judiciary of America
Composition, Powers and Function of the Supreme Court:

In the federal system of America, Judiciary has special and great significance. A scholar has remarked that in a Federal system the Judiciary is as essential as the Sun in solar system. Since, there is federal system in America. Prof. Usd has even remarked that the Supreme Court occupies a basic position in America administrative system, it is important for the administrative organization as the President and the members of Congress. Each state has a highest court and this highest court is called Supreme Court. In most of the states, the number of the Judges of the Supreme Court of America Federation is 9. One of them is the chief Justices and 8 are the judges. They are appointed by the President but he has to seek the consent of the Senate. The Constitution doesn’t speak regarding the qualification of them and the President can appoint any person as the judge of the Supreme Court. In the age of 70-75 years a judge of Supreme Court can resign according to his will and after having worked as a judge for 10 years. The judge of the Supreme Court can't be removing from their office, except by impeachment. This impeachment is made in the House of Representatives but the final decision is taken by the Senate. These courts interpret the Constitution of the states and give their legal opinion on serious matters.

Powers and Function of the Supreme Court:

1. Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court of America possesses original jurisdiction in the field of justices. Article III, Clause 2 of the Constitution clearly provides:
'' In all cases affecting ambassador, other public ministers and consults and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have the original jurisdiction. ''

2. Appellate Jurisdiction: Two types of appeals are made in the Supreme Court:
¨ If any court of a state has declared any federal Act, treaty made by Federal Administration, or any other subject coming within its jurisdiction s invalid, then an appeal can be made against it in the Supreme Court.
¨ If any law passed by the state legislature is against or repugnant to any law passed by the Federal government, then appeal can be made against it in the Supreme Court.
In short, the appellate jurisdiction is only in respect of Constitution matters and in ordinary matters appeals can be heard only when the Supreme Court of the state gives permission for making such an appeal.

3. Judicial Review: It is the most important power of the Supreme Court and that is why the scholars have called the Supreme Court as the third chamber, of legislature. It is the Supreme Court which decides whether a law passed by the United state of America is against the Constitution or not. If any law is declared as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, then it is declared invalid. It performs the function of the interpreting the laws.

4. Guardian of Fundamental Rights: It is the guardian of the fundamental rights of the citizens. The liberty of no person can be taken away without due to process of law. It protects the rights of the citizens from the executive and legislature. The right of franchise of America citizens can't be taken away on the ground of color, race, descent or slavery. They have freedom of religion, property, education and have right to be free except under the due process of law.

5. To Control the Federal and State Government: It determined and fixed the jurisdiction of the Federal and state governments and in no case they violate each other. The Supreme Court also decides whether a law is made by congress is according to the provisions of the Constitution or not. The court also decides whether the law made by state legislature is according to rights granted them under the Constitution or not. The Supreme Court can declare any law or a part of it as invalid. It exercises this power rarely.

6. To advise the President: It is also function of the Supreme Court to advise the President in regard to legal matters. From time to time, advice the President on Constitution matters.

7. To Develop the Constitution: Through the power of interpretation of the Constitution, the Supreme Court also helps the development of the Constitution. The Constitution undergoes the changes by the interpretations of the Constitution in accordance with the change circumstances.

PREAMBLE OF CONSTITUTION OF A DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY

PREAMBLE : preamble is a latin word which means ' to go before, introduction, introduction to important statuses. preamble says briefly the objects, purpose intended to the served by the statute.

In the most preamble of constitution of a democratic country the following imoprtant words are incorporated :

SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC,SOVEREIGN.

SOCIALIST : taking part all the citizen of the state in a equal manner for any states affiares.

SOVEREIGN : all the countries of the world ahould be safe from foreign attack and and government should supreme in internal affiares.

DEMOCRATIC : every citizen of the country,m who is aged 18 years and above, is enititled to vote, irrespective of hiscaste, religion, race, sex, economic position from village level, to parliament level.

SECULAR : secularism is the basic structure of constitution of a democratic country. which government should respects all religions. it doesnot uplift any particular religion. the state has no religion itself.

The above words gruant the justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

JUSTICE : Social justice, econonomic justice, and political justice.

LIBERTY : liberty of thought, liberty of expression, liberty of blief, liberty of faith, and liberty of worship.

EQUALITY : equality of status, equality of opportunity, and equality opf promote among them all.

FRATERNITY : assuriong the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. the above points bring unity and integrity of the nation.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

هشدار مژده است
من حدرك ، كمن بشرك

ج / 59

ترجمه :

كسى كه تو را هشدار ميدهدمانند كسى است كه به تو مژده مى دهد.

شرح :

گاهى پدر و مادرها، وبزرگترها، و دوستان خوب و دلسوز، از روىخيرخواهى ، و براى آن كه ما را از انجام كارهاى بد باز دارند، مجبور ميشوند به جاى نرمش و ملايمت ، با لحنى تند و درشت ، هشداردهند و ما را، از كارى كه مى خواهيم انجامدهيم ، بر حذر و بيمناك سازند.

ممكن است بعضى افراد، اينگونه بر حذر داشتن را خوش نداشته باشند، واز لحن تند و هشداردهنده كسى كه با درشتى از انجام كار بد آنها جلوگيرى ميكند، ناراحت شوند.

ولى ، فرزند عزيز، اين را بدان كه : وقتى كسى با درشتى و تندى ، بهتو هشدار ميدهد و ازانجام كارهاى بد تو جلوگيرى ميكند، مثلكسى است كه بالحنى ملايم و مهرآميز، به تو مژده يى را ميدهد.

به عنوان مثال : وقتى كسى تو را از تنبلى در مدرسه و بازيگوشى درخانه باز ميدارد، وبالحنى تند ميگويد:درخواندن درسهايت تنبلى نكن ، چون بيسواد و بيكاره بار مىآيى و بدبخت ميشوى ، مثل كسى است كه به تو مژده ميدهد و ميگويد:شاگرداول شده اى و بزرگترين جايزه نصيب تو شده است.

پس ، از هشدار و انتقاد سازنده ناراحت نشو بلكه خوشحالو متشكر باش ‍ زيرا انتقاد بجا، انسان را متوجه اشتباه خود ميكند و باعث برطرف شدن عيب و ايراد ميگردد.

BACKBITING BUSSINESS OF INFIRM PEOLE

غيبت : كار ناتوانها
الغيبه جهد العاجز

ح /461

ترجمه :

غيبت كردن ، آخرين تلاش آدمناتوان است

.شرح :

غيبت كردن ، پشت سر كسى سخنگفتن ، و بد گويى كردن ، و براىاو عيب و ايراد شمردن . و اين ، از زشت ترين و ناپسندترين عيبهايى است كه بعضى از افراد، دچار آن هستند.كسى كه غيبت ميكند، بدون شك آدم ناتوان و بى جراءتى است . زيراهمينكه مى نشيند و پشتسر ديگران بد گويى مى كند، نشان مى دهد كه جراءت ندارد با آن افراد روبرو شود، و حرف خود را، پيش روى آنها بر زبان آورد.و چون در خود، قدرت و جراءت روبروشدن با آن افراد را نمى بيند، آخرين تلاشى كه مى توان بكار ببرند، اين است كه به وسيله بد گوئى كردن در پشت سر، انتقام خودرا از آنها بگيرد و باصطلاح دلخود را خنك كند.

حال آن كه يك مسلمان مؤ من واقعى ، اگر نسبت به كسى ايراد و انتقادىداشته باشد، بايد براساس جراءت انسانى و اخلاق اسلامى ، رو دروى آن شخص ، ايراد و انتقاد خود را بر زبان آورد، بدون ترس و واهمه ، او را امر بهمعروف و نهى از منكر كند.

اگر هم ايراد و انتقادش درست نباشد، و فقط از حسارت و تنگ نظرى سرچشمه گرفته باشد،هرگز نبايد پشت سر كسى كه از او شايسته تر بود و به پيشرفت و ترقى رسيده است ، بد گويى كند و خود را در جامعه ،رسوا و بى اعتبار سازد.

INABILITY IS CALAMITY AND TOLRATION IS BRAVERY

عجز آفت است و صبر شجاعت ...
و العجز افه ، و الصبر شجاعه و الزهد ثروه ، و الورع جنه ، و نعمالقرين الرضاح

/4

ترجمه :

ناتوانى آفت است و بردبارىشجاعت ، پرهيز كارى و پارسايى توانگرىاست و خرسندى به رويدادها يار و همراهى است با ارزش

.شرح :

انسانى كه گرفتار ضعفهاىروحى و اخلاقى باشد، هميشه با يك خطراين است كه : در برابر مسائل مختلف و پيش آمدهاى گوناگون ، قدرت ايستادگى نخواهد داشت ، و دچار سستى و لغزش خواهد شد و ازراه راست ، انحراف پيدا خواهد كرد.

از اين رو است كه در تعاليم اسلامى ، هميشه تكيه بر اين است كه انسان، قبل از هرچيز، ضعفهاى روحى واخلاقى را از خود دور كند، و قدرت درونى لازم براى ايستادگىدر برابر مسائل مختلف را به دست آورد و در حفظ و تقويت آن بكوشد.

امام عليه السلام نيز، در اين كلام ، از اين گونه جنبه هاى مثبت ومنفى سخن مى گويد و انسانرا با عيب و ضعفها، و ارزش قدرتهاى روحى و اخلاقى آشنا مى سازد

.بر اساس فرمايش امام (ع )، ضعف و ناتوانى ، بزرگترين آفت و دشمنزندگى انسان است. زيرا انسان ضعف ، زود فريب ميخورد، زود به لغزش دچار مى شود، و زود از راه راست منحرف مى گردد. يك انسان ضعف ، ممكن است دربرابر چند كلمه فريبنده ، از راه بدرشود. ممكن است با هر تهديد پوچى دچار وحشت شود، يا اگر پولو مقامى به پيشنهاد كنند، در برابر آن تاب مقاومت از دست برهد، و حاظر به انجام هر كار نادرستى بشود

.افراد بسيارى بوده اند كه سالها از عمر خود را در راه عبادت و انجاموظايف شرعى و دينىگذرانده اند. ولى بخاطر همين ضعف ، ناگهان از راه بدر رفته و حاصلتمام عمر خود را چند لحظه بر باد داده اند و چيزى جز رسوايى و بد نامى بدست نياورده اند. اين است كه ضعف و ناتوانى ازبزرگترين آفتهاى زندگى و از خطر نازكتريندشمنان انسان است .

اما در برابر اين عجز و ناتوانى ، صفتهاى نيكوى روحى و اخلاقى قراردارد، كه تعدادى ازآنها را، امام (ع ) در همين كلام پر معنى ، بر شمرده است

.يكى از اين صفات ، صبر و بردبارى است ، كه عالى ترين جلوه هاى شجاعتانسان بشمار مىرود. شجاع ، آن كسى نيست كه در برابر هر مسئله يى به خشم مى آيد و عجولانه دست به اقدامات حساب نشده مى زند. چونبسيار ديده شده كه چنين افرادى ، صدهاگرفتارى براى خود، و هزاران مشكل براى ديگران ايجاد كرده اند. بلكه آن كسى براستى شجاعت دارد كه در برابر مسائل و مشكلاتبردبار باشد و با صبر و حوصله ، دربارهآن فكر كند و هميشه ، بجاى سريع ترين راه حل، در جست و جوى بهترين راه حلها باشد

.صفت ديگر، پارسايى و پرهيز كارى است ، كه براى انسان ، بهترين ثروتهاو بالاترين توانگريها به شمارمى آيد. انسان پارسا و پرهيز كار، در وجود خود، آنقدر ارزشهاىروحى و معنوى ذخيره مى كند، كه ديگر به مالو ثروت دنيا چشم نمى دوزد. و همين بى نيازى از مالدنيا، او را از بزرگترين ثروتمندان و توانگران ، ثروتمندتر مى سازد.

خرسندى به رويدادهاى نيز از صفات ارزنده انسان است . اصولا يك مسلمانمؤ من ، از آنچه بااراده و قدرت خداوند، در زندگى اش رخ دهد، هرگز اظهار نارضايى نمى كند. يعنى به هر پيشامدى كه خداوند برايش مقدر كرده باشدراضى و خرسند است و همين رضايت و خرسندى، باعث مى شود كه از پيش آمدهاى گوناگون ، دچار رنج و عذاب نشود. چنين كسى اگر ببيند كه ديگران به قدرت و مقام رسيدهاند و مال و ثروتبدست آورده اند. و او از آنها بى نصيب مانده است ، هرگز حسادت نمى ورزد و غم و غصه به دل راه نمى دهد. زيرا صفت خرسندى ورضايتى كه در او وجود دارد، مانند نعمتىبا ارزش ، هميشه همراه اوست و مانند دوستى مهربان و دلسوز، هميشه او را از دچار شدن به اينگونه رنج و عذابها، باز مى دارد.

MUNDANE LIFE IS REASON FOR OTHERWORIDLY LIFE

زندگى دنيوىدليل زندگى اخروى
عجبت لمن اءنكر النشاه الاخرى و هويرى النشاه الاولح

126/

ترجمه :

در شگفتم ،از كسيكه زندگى اين دنيا را مى بيند، و باز زندگى دنياى ديگر(آخرت ) را قبول ندارد.

شرح :

كسيكه با درك و دانائى ، درزندگى اين دنيا نظر كند، سراسر دنيارا، پر از نشانه هايى خواهد ديد كه از قدرت آفرينش خداوند حكايت مى كنند. و كسيكه قدرت آفرينش خداوند را، با عقل و بينشبرسى كند، هرگز مسئله آخرت و زندگى پساز مرگ را انكار نخواهد كرد.

اگر ما، با دقت و شعور و انصاف ، به دنياى خود نگاه كنيم ، به روشنىمى بينيم كه انسانو حيوان و گياه ، و بالاخره تمام موجودات زنده اين دنيا، از نيستى به وجودآمده اند. پس خداوند كه قادر بوده است اين زندگى و اين همه موجودات زنده را، ازنيستى به هستى بياورد، باز هم قدرت آن را خواهد داشت كه پس از مرگ و نابودى اين موجودات ، يكبار ديگر آنها رازنده كند.

اگر در زندگى انسان دقت كنيم ، از يك نظر، خواهيم ديد كه خداوند، درهمين دنيا هم ، ريشهو اصل زندگى انسانها را دل خاك قرار داده ، و در وقت لزوم ، افراد بشر را، از خاك به وجود آورده است .

ابتدا، ريشه زندگى و اصل وجود ما، در دل همين خاكهاى بيابانى پنهانبوده است . از دلاين خاكها، گندم و برنج و سبزى و ميوه و ديگر گياهان خوردنى و روئيده اند. قسمتى از اين روئيدنيها را، پدر و مادر ما خورده اند.قسمت ديگرى را نيز حيوانات خورده اند، تا زندهبمانند و بزرگ شوند و به صورت غذاى انسان در آيند. يعنى پدر و مادر ما، وقتى گوشت حيوانات را نيز خورده اند، در حقيقت ، ازغذايى استفاده كرده اند كه اصلآن ، باز هم از خاك بوده است . به اين ترتيب ، پدر و مادر ما، با خوردن خوراكى هايى ، كه در هر حال ، از زمين بدست مى آيد، بهزندگى خود ادامه داده اند و بزرگ شده اندبعد، وجود ما، همچون يك ياخته ، در پشت و شكم آنها، پيدا شده است آنگاه ما شروع به رشد كرده ايم ، صاحب دست و پا و چشم و گوش و مغزو ساير اعضاء بدن شده ايم سرانجام، به صورت يك انسان كامل ، از شكم مادر، به اين جهان قدم گذاشته ايم . تمام اين مراحل ، از وقتى كه ذرات هستى ما، در دلخاكها بوده ، تا وقتى كه اين ذرات به وجود پدرو مادر منتقل شده و سپس به صورت انسان در آمده است ، با قدرت آفرينش ‍ خداوند طى شده است .پس مى بينيم كه خداوند، قبلا، يكبار قدرت خود را، در همين دنيا، نشانداده و ما را، از خاك بهخود آورده است . به اين ترتيب ، خدايى كه چنين قدرتى دارد، يكبار ديگر هم ، قادر به انجام اين كار خواهد بود. يعنى ، وقتى مابميريم و به مشتى خاك مبدلشويم ، دوباره ، در روز قيامت ، خداوند ما را، از دلخاكها بيرون مى آورد، و به ما هستى و زندگى مى دهد، تا براى رسيدگى به حساب كارهايمان ، در صف محشر آماده شويم .

WISE MAN AND FOOLISH'S LANGUAGE

زبان عاقل و زبان احمق
لسان العاقل وراء قلبه و قلب الاحمق وراء لسانه

ح /40

ترجمه :

زبان عاقل ، پشت قلب او قراردارد، و قلب احمق ، پشت زبان او جاى گرفتهاست ( عاقل ،با انديشه سخن مى گويد ونادان بى فكر )

شرح :

انسان عاقل ، وقتى بخواهدسخن بر زبان آورد، نخست به دلو انديشه خود مراجعه مى كند، معنى آن سخن و نيكى يا بدى آن را با عقل و شعور خود مى سنجد، نتيجه يى را كه ممكناست از آن حاصل شودحساب مى كند، و هنگامى كه به درستى و خوبى سخن خود اطمينان يافت ، آن را بر زبان مى آورد.

پس عاقل ، قلب و انديشه اش بيش از زبانش به كار مى اندازد، و زبانشرا پشت سر عقل و شعورخود نگاه ميدارد.

اما احمق ، بر عكس رفتار مى كند. يعنى هر سخنى كه به زبانش آمد،نسنجيده و بدون فكرو انديشه بيان مى كند، و پس از آن كه سخن او، در ديگران ، تاءثير بد گذاشت ، تازه بفكر مى افتد كه آيا سخنش درست بوده يانادرست . يعنى احمق ، نخست زبان خود را بهكار مى اندازد و نسنجيده حرف مى زند، و بعد از آن ، به قلب و عقلخود مراجعه مى كند و در باره نيك و بد سخن خود و نتيجه و حاصلآن مى انديشد

.به همين دليل است كه خردمندان ، از قديم گفته اند: سخنى كه درباره آنكاملا فكر نكرده اى، بر زبان مياور.